Modernization in the Late Ottoman Empire and Comparative Modernization Efforts

In your responses, be sure to address all parts of the questions you answer. Use complete sentences; an outline or bulleted list alone is not acceptable. You may plan your answers in this exam booklet, but no credit will be given for notes written in this booklet.

Source 1

Late Ottoman society underwent significant modernization, a process that was both caused and accelerated by the state reorganization program, Tanzimat, beginning in 1839. . . . Modern-educated Ottomans soon began to emphasize in their writings the importance of European sciences. . . . Science was seen by many officials and learned figures as the only tool to solve the problems of the empire. . . . This elite group of Westernized Ottoman intellectuals . . . even adopted the belief in the supremacy of science in all aspects of life and proposed to adopt a completely [Westernized] worldview. However, this [Westernized Ottoman] elite was not the only group that focused on modern European thought. Extreme views . . . sparked opposition, especially among religious circles, but they also kindled a general curiosity among . . . a new generation of modern Ottoman religious scholars who emphasized an alternative approach toward modernization. [These scholars] proposed to combine their traditional heritage with modern ideas and methods . . . [and], while advocating the adoption of industrialization and political reforms, rejected a cultural identification with the West.

M. Sait Özervarli, historian, 'Alternative Approaches to Modernization in the Late Ottoman Period,' scholarly article, published in 2007

Group 1

Using the excerpt, respond to parts a, b, and c.

Question 1a

Short answer

Identify ONE nineteenth-century development in the Ottoman Empire that led to the launch of the reform program mentioned in the first paragraph.

Question 1b

Short answer

Identify ONE argument made in the passage concerning the Ottoman elites and modernization in the nineteenth century.

Question 1c

Short answer

Explain how China's attempts to modernize in the nineteenth century led to conflicts.

World History

Unit

Unit 5: 1750 - 1900, Revolutions

Topic

5.6 Industrialization: Government's Role from 1750 to 1900

Format

Short answer

Short answer rubric

SAQ scoring guide

· Correct answers must identify one development in the 19th-century Ottoman Empire that precipitated the launch of the reform program.
· Correct answers must identify one argument made in the passage concerning the views of Ottoman elites on modernization in the 19th century.
· Correct answers must describe how Qing China’s modernization programs created divisions among Chinese elites.
· Correct answers must explain that the Qing imperial government's authority was weak and its civic infrastructure was corrupt, hindering systematic modernization.
· Correct answers must identify that factions within the Qing imperial court and provincial governors' interests subverted broader social and economic reforms.

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