AP Success - AP European History: Totalitarianism in the Third Reich

"Loyalty not only in deed, but in character is demanded of you. Loyalty of character often demands no less heroic virtue than does loyalty in deed. Loyalty in character is unbreakable loyalty, a loyalty that knows no ifs or buts, that knows no weakening, Loyalty in character means absolute obedience that does not question the results of the order nor its reasons, but rather obeys for the sake of obedience itself. Such obedience is an expression of heroic character when following the order leads to personal disadvantage or seems even to contradict one’s personal convictions. Adolf Hitler’s strength as a leader is that he almost always works through the power of his persuasion; rarely does he command. He must know, however, that when he commands, or allows a command to be given, that it will be obeyed absolutely, down to the last block warden."
The Oath to Adolf Hitler, Rudolf Hess, February 1934

Question 1

Multiple choice
According to Rudolf Hess, what is the nature of the loyalty demanded of followers of Adolf Hitler?
  • Loyalty that is flexible and adaptable to circumstances

  • Unconditional and unquestioning obedience

  • Loyalty that encourages personal convictions over obedience

  • Loyalty based on personal advantage

Question 2

Multiple choice
The source reflects which of the following characteristics of totalitarian regimes?
  • The expectation of absolute obedience to the leader

  • The promotion of individual freedoms and dissent

  • The encouragement of open debate and criticism of leadership

  • The support for a multiparty political system

Question 3

Multiple choice
Rudolf Hess's description of loyalty and obedience primarily serves to reinforce which aspect of Hitler's leadership?
  • His authority and the expectation of compliance with his commands

  • His preference for democratic decision-making processes

  • His willingness to consider the opinions of his subordinates

  • His reliance on legal-rational authority to govern

Question 4

Multiple choice
The concept of 'loyalty in character' as described by Hess is most indicative of which type of obedience?
  • Obedience for the sake of obedience itself

  • Obedience based on critical evaluation of orders

  • Obedience as a result of consensus and agreement

  • Obedience that is conditional on the outcomes of the orders

Question 5

Multiple choice
The emphasis on 'loyalty of character' and 'absolute obedience' in Hess's oath is most closely associated with which political ideology?
  • Fascism

  • Conservatism

  • Liberalism

  • Socialism

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