von Metternich and Concert of Europe
Prince Klemens von Metternich was an influential statesman who served as the Chancellor of Austria and one of the key figures in the Congress of Vienna, which reorganized Europe after the Napoleonic Wars. In his "Political Confession of Faith" from 1820, Metternich reflects on the rapid progress of the human mind in the last three centuries, and how this progress has led to a revolution that has spread throughout Europe.
The progress of the human mind has been extremely rapid in the course of the last three centuries. This progress having been accelerated more rapidly than the growth of wisdom (the only counterpoise to passions and to error); a revolution prepared by the false systems, the fatal errors into which many of the most illustrious sovereigns of the last half of the eighteenth century fell, has at last broken out in a country advanced in knowledge, and enervated by pleasure, in a country inhabited by a people whom one can only regard as frivolous, from the facility with which they comprehend and the difficulty they experience in judging calmly.
The revolutionary seed had penetrated into every country and spread more or less. It was greatly developed under the régime of the military despotism of Bonaparte. His conquests displaced a number of laws, institutions, and customs; broke through bonds sacred among all nations, strong enough to resist time itself; which is more than can be said of certain benefits conferred by these innovators. From these perturbations it followed that the revolutionary spirit could in Germany, Italy, and later on in Spain, easily hide itself under the veil of patriotism…
We are convinced that society can no longer be saved without strong and vigorous resolutions on the part of the Governments still free in their opinions and actions. We are also convinced that this may yet be, if the Governments face the truth, if they free themselves from all illusion, if they join their ranks and take their stand on a line of correct, unambiguous, and frankly announced principles.
Prince Klemens von Metternich, Political Confession of Faith, 1820
Question 1
Identify one perspective about revolutions expressed in the excerpt.
Question 2
Describe a broader context in which the excerpt was written.
Question 3
Explain one way the ideas of conservatism were challenged from 1820 to 1914.
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