Europe After Napoleon
The excerpt is from the Final Act of the Congress of Vienna in 1815, which was a series of meetings among European powers aimed at establishing a balance of power and restoring stability after the Napoleonic Wars.
ARTICLE I. The duchy of Warsaw, with the exception of the provinces and districts which are otherwise disposed of by the following Articles, is united to the Russian empire, to which it shall be irrevocably attached by itsconstitution, and be possessed by his majesty the Emperor of all the Russias, his heirs and successors in perpetuity. His Imperial Majesty reserves to himself to give to this State, enjoying a distinct Administration, the interior improvement which he shall judge proper. He shall assume with his other titles that of Czar, King of Poland, agreeably to the form established for the titles attached to his other possessions. The Poles, who are respective subjects of Russia, Austria, and Prussia, shall obtain a representation, and national institutions, regulated according to the degree of political consideration, that each of the governments to which they belong shall judge expedient and proper to grant them.
ART. VI. The town of Cracow, with its territory, is declared to be for ever a free, independent, and strictly neutral city, under the protection of Austria, Russia, and Prussia.
Final Act of the Congress of Vienna, 1815
Question 1
Identify one provision to maintain peace in Europe expressed in the excerpt.
Question 2
Describe a historical context in which the treaty was written.
Question 3
Explain one way the ideas outlined in the Final Act of the Congress of Vienna were challenged between 1815 and 1848.
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